PPE Appendix B

Hard Hats

Hard hats worn in construction areas and where there are low clearances are the most common type of protective hed protection.  They reduce the amount of force from impact from striking and object or being struck by an object, but cannot provide complete head protection from severe impact and penetration. They are intended to provide limited protection against small objects.

Hard hats must be marked to indicate the manufacturer, the date of manufacture, the ANSI designation, the applicable type, and class designations, and the head size range.

When purchasing hard hats, ensure that they comply with the most recent ANSI standard (ANSI Z89.1-YEAR) "American National Standard for Industrial Head Protection". Hard hats already in use must be inspected carefully prior to use for signs of deterioration and defects. Although OSHA does not indicate an expiration date for hard hats, some manufacturers do. Follow the manufacturer's instructions regarding inspection and replacement recommendations. If an expiration date is not indicated by the manufacturer, and the hard hat is in good condition and has not been previously dropped, it may be used provided it passes the manufacturer's inspection criteria.  It is highly recommended that hard hats be replaced every 5 years regardless of outward appearance.  Hard hats used in environments that have temperature extremes, sunlight, or chemicals (e.g. outdoors, construction activities, etc.) should have a more stringent replacement period, such as every 2 years.

Helmets

Helmets worn for motorcycles and ATVs are Snell, DOT, and/or ANSI-approved.

• Snell-approved helmets are typically the most protective. 
• DOT-approved helmets are governed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).
• OSHA does not approve PPE, but requires that it be compliant with ANSI standards. Head Protection: Safety Helmets in the Workplace provides additional information.

A visual inspection should be performed prior to use each day. Hard hats should be free from signs of impact (i.e. dents, cracks, or penetration) and rough treatment (i.e. abrasions, gouges, or excessive wear). Any hard hat that fails the visual inspection should be removed from service and replaced. In addition to everyday wear and tear, ultra-violet (UV) radiation can pose a problem for hard hats constructed of plastic. Hard hats should be free from UV damage (i.e. loss of glossy finish, chalky appearance, flaking, brittleness, fading, or dullness of color).

Another important part of the inspection process for hard hats is checking the suspension system on a periodic basis. The main purpose of the suspension system is to absorb the shock of a blow. Excessive wear, defects, or damage can invalidate the protection that it should be providing. Look for cracks, tears, frayed or cut straps, and loss of pliability. The attachment points to the shell should fit tightly and securely into their respective key slots. Remove the hard hat from service or replace the suspension system in kind if there are signs of damage.

Head protection must be worn when working in areas where there is a potential for injury to the head from falling objects or impact, or where close contact to live electrical is possible. Some examples of occupations for which head protection should be routinely considered are: carpenters, electricians, linemen, mechanics and repairers, plumbers and pipefitters, assemblers, packers, wrappers, sawyers, welders, laborers, freight handlers, timer cutting and logging, stock handling, and warehouse laborers.

Hard hats shall meet either Type I or Type II requirements, and further be classified as Class G, E, or C for electrical protection. The current ANSI classification system for hard hats is described below.

Helmets are replacing traditional hard hats in many applications, such as construction sites and working from heights, due to advancements in design, materials, and protective features. Based on results of the hazard assessment, they may a more protective and integrative option. Additional information is available here.

Cloth caps are worn during welding operations to protect hair from sparks and slag, or in situations where rotating equipment could entangle hair. 

Ranger hats have a wide brim all the way around the cap and provide sun protection for ears and neck.

Follow manufacturer's recommendations for cleaning head protection. Generally, a mild detergent and warm water is sufficient, followed by rinsing in clear water. Wipe shell of hard hat dry and allow suspension system, sweatband, and accessories to air dry thoroughly.

Hard hats should not be altered for any reason. Accessories must be compatible with the hard hat to avoid compromising protection. Alterations may result in a lower level of protection than originally intended and will void the manufacturer's warranty.

General care for hard hats includes:

• Do not expose to extreme temperatures for long periods of time. 
• Do not drill holes in the shell for added ventilation.
• Do not paint or inscribe on the shell without consulting the manufacturer.
• Do not store in direct sunlight.
• Do not wear backward (unless welding apparatus is attached and welding is being performed).
• Do not wear with the shell tilted to one side.
• Do not place stickers on the shell which can hide signs of deterioration.